He usually is a very likable person who is able to blend in with others on any occasion or any given situation. They would have to have face-to-face communication skills to convince someone to part with their cash. She urges readers to “know yourself well enough to recognize and control your emotional reactions; stay grounded in details and logic; identify people you trust and the “triggers” that tend to trip you up; define, preferably ahead of time, how much you are willing to invest (materially and emotionally), boundaries you won’t cross, and an exit strategy. A true con artist is someone who is playing a long or short game con on a victim for the con artist’s own gain. The False Good Samaritan Con. Sociopaths - Homo sapiens sociopathica - display unique and consistent differences in physiology, anatomy, genetics and behavior. central location, keeps out of sight, and see's the entire He may shower you with expensive gifts and favors, which you might interpret as an expression of his love or affection. He tells her to try harder. The exact same thing could be a con or not, depending on the beliefs, the rationale, and kind of the motivation of the person who’s doing it. She suspects something is up. There are 20 different “markers” that determine whether a person is a psychopath or not. In the beginning of a relationship, a manipulator may be very kind, sympathetic and generous towards you. This Glossary of Narcissistic Abuse Recovery Terms to read through and memorize and to come back to re-read again regularly will help support a lifetime of permanent, indelible social as well as psychological, spiritual, and … a person adept at swindling by means of confidence games; swindler. In the psychology literature, Machiavellian has come to mean a specific set of traits that allows one to manipulate others to accomplish one’s own objectives—almost a textbook definition of the con. He convinces you the emotions you think he's feeling are authentic, but it's all … Every con you will ever see relies on a simple principle. By … Terminology. It requires the creation of empathy and rapport (the play): an emotional foundation must be laid before any scheme is proposed, any game set in motion. Psychology Definition of STOOGE: A slang name for a con artists person being conned. The Confidence Game is not without flaws. If the con involves banking or investments, the con artist will wear a snappy suit. Puts people up to suspecting good bills. But when it comes to our own selves, we tend to latch on to that "probably." A necessity for infants that is also conducive to better health and happiness for adults, trust, she points out, “is the more beneficial evolutionary path.” And when our emotions are aroused, they tend to trump reason. Throw it away, I beg, if only because of the trouble it breeds you.” As “the waning light expired,” the cosmopolitan led the old man away. Con artist, scam artist, Only a real grifter will leave a person thinking that they achieved exactly what they wanted to get out of whatever endeavor was initiated by the grifter. Other factors increasing our vulnerability include the “Lake Woebegone Effect” (an unwavering commitment to the notion that we are better than almost anyone else); “confirmation bias” (a predisposition to process evidence to support what we already expect to be true); “positivity bias” (confidence that good things will happen to us and we will manage to avoid bad things); “cognitive dissonance” (a predilection to ignore disconfirming information); “momentum theory” (a decision to move forward despite obstacles); “motivated cognition” (the process by which our views are reinforced by self-serving biases in perception); and “anticipated regret” (that generates a reluctance to relinquish a chance of “winning”). Generous With Favors and Gifts. In the beginning of a relationship, a manipulator may be very kind, sympathetic and generous towards you. The reasons can vary from ... She has suffered from a panic disorder for over 30 years, which prompted her to study and receive an Honours degree in Psychology with the Open University. Share using Email. 2 AARP Wat ork C PLAYBOOK 3 AARP Fraud Watch Network: Helping You Get Inside the Minds of Scammers Fraud is a multi-billion dollar industry with scammers constantly looking for new and ever-more sophisticated ways to steal our personal Information and your hard earned money. flee. She is a con artist or the worst she is a sociopath. Only then does it move to logic and persuasion (the rope): the scheme (the tale), the evidence and the way it will work to your benefit (the convincer), the show of actual profits. Maria is only guessing. Janey uses the experiences of her own anxiety to offer help and advice to others dealing with mental … And like a fly caught in a spider's web, the more we struggle, the less able to extricate ourselves we become (the breakdown). The Psychopath Psychopath is a word commonly used to label someone who exhibits antisocial behavior (sometimes violent behavior), is a pathological liar, superficial, a con artist, and someone who lacks empathy or remorse. ". He is able to change personalities like a chameleon changes colors. How con artists trick your mind. We get, too, a unique satisfaction from thinking ourselves invulnerable. I deserve the big art break; I've worked in galleries all my life and I had this coming. In fiction, psychopath often refers to a serial killer. He's smooth and suave, and he says all the right things. If it involves home improvement scams, he'll show up wearing well-worn work clothes. The Psychology of Con Men. He is a psychological illusionist, able to convince anyone to viscerally believe in the illusions he fabricates. At each step of the game, con artists draw from a seemingly endless toolbox of ways to manipulate our belief. Although they are utterly unobjectionable, these recommendations are, of course, easier to articulate than implement. She follows him to a All the Narcissistic Abuse recovery terms you need to know in order to protect yourself from Cluster B people and their Flying Monkey Enablers. He should win an Oscar for his performances. How to use conception in a sentence. Someone rational who is removed form the relationship has the power to open your eyes to what is really happening with the con-artist’s behavior. I saw a film, I don't remember the title. Her. 5. The exact same thing could be a con or not, depending on the beliefs, the rationale, … The brilliance of of the con artist is in blending in—as if he’s one of us—and in disappearing without a trace. The con artist lies to get into your bed. I did not read the book , but from this article can conclude this Konnikova writer IS a con artist and has no any degree in psychiatry or phycology what so ever since there is no any practical advice how to spot a con artist and what technique to look for they are use, which very simple mirroring* your individuality and emotions, etc ( *look up for mirroring), and then use them to their advantages . This means they’re what’s commonly called a con man or con artist, or scammer. Maybe That’s Why You Ate That KitKat. The con artist can be anything he needs to be for whatever “job” he is working on at the time. I’ve known pro conmen and scammers all my life, and done my share too. But a lot of it, as with so many things in psychology, is a meeting of predisposition and Of course it's perfectly OK to write about and discuss this individual! The mentalities of "too good to be true" and "I deserve" are, unfortunately, at odds, but we remain blind to the tension when it comes to our own actions and decisions. Generous With Favors and Gifts. 5. "Con artists and other psychopaths spend a lot of time talking about themselves in a self-aggrandizing fashion — bragging about their larger-than-life accomplishments and grand schemes, which are often completely fabricated," Turvey notes. If it seems too good to be true, it is--unless it's happening to me. Most con artists have a distinct psychological profile, including the so-called “dark triad” traits of narcissism, psychopathy and machiavellianism. Share using Email. Posted Jan 05, 2016 Bookmark this article. As adults, people with this disorder are thought to generally end up in one of two situations: either they are unable to keep a job and engage in violent criminal or similarly dysfunctional behavior, or they become clever, charming con-artists, or ruthless executives who … From what i can see you have given her what she always wanted. Next time we see her, she's at a resturant and she uses Con Artists Are Masters At Reading People In order to gain their marks’ trust and pull off their plans, con artists have to be experts at … Glafira Rosales enlisted the preeminent Knoedler Gallery in selling fake abstract expressionist paintings for millions of dollars. "Con artists can spot that and they can take advantage of it because what they sell is meaning and certainty. Psychology, Definition, And Applications. Oh it’s very simple. Preventing church fraud is all about being on the lookout for suspicious people and behaviors. A group of con men run 5. Most con artists have a distinct psychological profile, including the so-called “dark triad” traits of narcissism, psychopathy and machiavellianism. A con artist will try to keep you slightly off-balance throughout the deception. Turvey adds: "Con artists look for people who have low self-esteem and exploit that. Con Artists Use These Psychological Tactics to Manipulate People to Believe Them Every Time No matter how smart you are, anyone can be easily swayed by emotions. Social engineering is the art of exploiting human psychology, rather than technical hacking techniques, to gain access to buildings, systems or data. And it’s not good. Social engineering definition. Every type of con relies upon distracting us from the obvious. And as we become more committed, with every step we give them more psychological material to work with. Con artists are skilled in human psychology. See more. Or its close relative "There's no such thing as a free lunch." When we see other people talking about their unbelievable deal or crazy good fortune, we realize at once that they've been taken for a sucker. Indeed, Konnikova doesn’t provide much guidance about how to resist emotional manipulation. A new theory aims to make sense of it all. cast of characters in the room. In one study, in which over 15,000 subjects watched video clips of people either lying or telling the truth, only 55 percent identified the honest individual. And, Maria Konnikova reminds us, con artists, the practitioners of “the (real) oldest profession,” continue to exploit our tendency to overestimate our intelligence and judgment, to believe that we deserve good fortune, and to hand over lots of money to a smooth-talking stranger. slugs in various parts of his body. She made world wide news. We are, after all, the best deceivers of our own minds. Share on Twitter. I deserve true love; I've been in bad relationships long enough. 2 AARP Wat ork C PLAYBOOK 3 AARP Fraud Watch Network: Helping You Get Inside the Minds of Scammers Fraud is a multi-billion dollar industry with scammers constantly looking for new and ever-more sophisticated ways to steal our Other people hold no meaning to them aside from using that person for the sociopath’s personal gain. One con artist creates a distraction, perhaps by causing a commotion or talking to the victim. We have no idea how she was raised except for her mum and dad. He may shower you with expensive gifts and favors, which you might interpret as an expression of his love or affection. $89 an hour! What she does is rare and so needed. Or when Samantha even started this path. By Maria Konnikova. Get the help you need from a therapist near you–a FREE service from Psychology Today. Her profits from her book By … Oh it’s very simple. Interesting: My all-time favourite [short con] only makes the con artist a few dollars every time he does it, but I absolutely love it. Please just try stop analyizing her. And yet, when it comes to the con, everyone is a potential victim. Psychologists tend to agree that there are some character traits that con artists have in common. By the time things begin to look dicey, we tend to be so invested, emotionally and often physically, that we do most of the persuasion ourselves. At least so far as we know she hasn't harmed anyone physically, but she has engaged in a series of carefully planned scams and impersonations for financial gain and probably for attention and sympathy as well. She could also be far from the truth. I’ve known pro conmen and scammers all my life, and done my share too. The true con artist aims to swindle you out of house and home, as opposed to telling a white lie about if that shirt is flattering. Con artists are skilled in human psychology. Every con you will ever see relies on a simple principle. Now, we’re all con artists on a minor level in the sense that we perpetuate minor lies all the time, we con ourselves, but not a con artist in the real definition of the word. Who doesn't enjoy the illicit glimpse into the life of the underworld--and the satisfaction of knowing that clever old you would be smarter than all that, that you can laugh at the poor sap who fell for something so obvious and still be safe in the knowledge that you are keener, savvier, more cynical and skeptical? Alas, then, there is “no Pinocchio’s nose.”. At times, however, her claims seem a bit facile. They understand what motivates people, and they are manipulators. The con artist lies to get into your bed. The Con: This trick relies on presenting the appearance of helpfulness, when in reality the con artist is profiting from the charade. She kills him. Everyone has heard the saying "If it seems too good to be true, it probably is." Samuel Thompson (1821–1856) was the original "confidence man". Why Romance Movies May Be a Social Problem, 6 Simple Steps to a Happy, Thriving Relationship, How a Celebrity Crush Can Impact Your (Real) Relationship. Charisma . Every type of con relies upon distracting us from the obvious. 6. She is interested in the scams they pull and how they do it. Despite our deep certainty in our own immunity--or rather, because of it--we all fall for it. Synonym Discussion of conception. Her awareness is precise. Description: Grooming is a insidious predatory tactic, utilized by abusers. Synonyms include con, confidence game, confidence scheme, ripoff, scam, and stratagem.The perpetrator of a confidence trick (or "con trick") is often referred to as a confidence (or "con") man, con-artist, or a "grifter".The shell game dates back at least to Ancient Greece. Decades ago, a con-artist would have to be confident and articulate. Synonyms include con, confidence game, confidence scheme, ripoff, scam, and stratagem.The perpetrator of a confidence trick (or "con trick") is often referred to as a confidence (or "con") man, con-artist, or a "grifter".The shell game dates back at least to Ancient Greece. She pulls out a gun thing, she's taking garbage to the curb, and notices him He becomes her boyfriend, and suddenly He must So she puts She claims that Samantha Azzopardi’s lies were “a deliberate choice,” made “for a very specific reason: personal gain, whether it be financial or other,” though she does not specify the gain — and notes that “some might call Sammy a pathological liar.” Most important, Konnikova does not examine critiques of the principles of cognitive psychology she cites (and others) or traits that might help a possible “mark” from falling prey to the blandishments of con artists. “A hood planning a bank holdup might … The information on this page is not intended to be a substitution for diagnosis, treatment, or informed professional advice. And Samantha Azzopardi adopted over 40 aliases over 25 years, including an appearance in Calgary, Canada as Aurora Hepburn, the non-speaking 14-year-old victim of abduction and sexual assault. More… A savvy Wall Street investor is just as likely to fall for a con as a market neophyte, a prosecutor who questions motives for a living as likely to succumb as your gullible next-door neighbor who thinks The Onion prints real news. The con-artist keeps you from seeing your friends and family. 4. The confidence game starts with basic human psychology. best selling self-help book. — Gavin de Becker. You can never con an honest man That’s it. Psychologists tend to agree that there are some character traits that con artists have in common. Oscar Hartzell inveigled 70,000 investors in a con to recover the inheritance of Sir Francis Drake. Their accomplice takes advantage of this diverted attention to pick your pocket. ". Thompson was a clumsy … Dr. Deborah Ettel, Ph.D. They both are essentially con artists: narcissists con people about who they are and their incredible abilities, whereas sociopaths con people by playing … Gaze aversion, nervousness, fidgeting, flushing, hemming and hawing may fit our preconceptions of how liars behave, but these behaviors and lie detector tests are not reliable indicators of deceit. She was conned by all the folks she thought were normal. How to avoid it: In Depth | Psychology. In Depth | Psychology. He's smooth and suave, and he says all the right things. tricks the con men taught her to steal a lighter. Conception definition is - the process of becoming pregnant involving fertilization or implantation or both. A theoretical-particle physicist or the CEO of a major Hollywood studio is no more exempt than an eighty- year-old Florida retiree who guilelessly signs away his retirement savings for a not-to-miss investment that never materializes. And she wrote the book on the subject known only HER staff and pretending she is PhD lol. Konnikova also debunks the folklore about our capacity to detect deception. Help us get better. Review of The Confidence Game: Why We Fall For It…Every Time. Impersonating Dr. Joseph Cyr, a surgeon in the Royal Canadian Navy, Konnikova reveals, Ferdinand Waldo Demara operated on 19 wounded Koreans in 1951 – and took on dozens more identities in the ensuing decades. Con artist definition, a person adept at lying, cajolery, or glib self-serving talk. Here's Why. A woman who lost $2 million to a con artist who she fell in love with online shares her story in the hopes that others might avoid falling victim to this type of crime. Con artists are masters of trust You can learn a lot about trust from the people who violate it for a living. What Goes on Beneath the Surface When Narcissists Get Angry, Dysphoria: The Dark Side of Bipolar Mania. — Gavin de Becker. Seriously I don't know why more people haven't tried this, I work two shifts, 2 hours in the day and 2 in the evening…And i get surly a chek of $1260......0 whats awesome is Im working from home so I get more time with my kids. The true con artist aims to swindle you out of house and home, as opposed to telling a white lie about if that shirt is flattering. Published on April 1, 1857, The Confidence Man, by Herman Melville, ends with “the cosmopolitan” telling his companion on the steamboat Fidèle that the lack of confidence “these days” is due in no small measure to the “Counterfeit detectors you see on every desk and counter. The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. No, You Were Not Happier Way Back When. (Definition and Examples) Observations About the Barnum Effect “Like the all-purpose personality profile, palm readings, fortunes, horoscopes, and other products of pseudopsychology are state in such general terms that they can hardly miss. “Something further,” Melville predicts, “may follow of this Masquerade.”. They may be unreliable, or always seem to have an excuse why they can’t meet up. Even the basic assumption that the con is a "he" is incorrect: there are plenty of con women too. Demystifying and De-Stigmatizing Mental Illness, Nurturing Hyper-Systematizers, Including Autistic People, The Art of the Con and Why People Fall for It, The Long and Short Cons of Master Manipulators. Through a tapestry of riveting real-life con artist profiles interwoven with decades of psychology experiments, Konnikova demonstrates that a con artist simply takes advantage of this hubris by finding the beliefs in which we are most confident — those we’re least likely to question — and enlisting them in advancing his or her agenda. But when it happens to us, well, I am just lucky and deserving of a good turn. Thompson was a clumsy swindler who … Bookmark this article. Yes!!! They form 3 to 5% of the population and walk, not only among us, but all over us: Seeing as I cannot refer to the Forbes article about sociopaths I urge you to search sociopaths, Forbes - and learn what sociopaths' top ten career choices are. One of the con artists pretends to be a patient. Charisma In fact, we get the term con-man from ‘ confidence-man ’. Female sociopaths have particular points to consider as a danger described quite well by Jennifer… this is a great article; really good. Terminology. 3 Dangers of Female Sociopaths. Glenn C. Altschuler, Ph.D., is the Thomas and Dorothy Litwin Professor of American Studies at Cornell University. Psychology Today © 2021 Sussex Publishers, LLC, The Continuing Stigma Around Medical Marijuana Use, Wolves Demonstrate Self-Awareness in Sniff Test, How Baby Boomers Maintain Their Sex Lives, Working Like a Machine? It was about a female Psycharist who wrote a A con artist who is planning to pull some kind of affinity fraud scheme will likely isolate a particular person in the parish. Catching a con-artist in a lie means that they have to create another lie to cover their tracks. She is a human being. A man (He's attractive) offers to show her the ropes. A con artist who is planning to pull some kind of affinity fraud scheme will likely isolate a particular person in the parish. You can never con an honest man That’s it. Dreams have been described as dress rehearsals for real life, opportunities to gratify wishes, and a form of nocturnal therapy. Them more psychological material to work with church fraud is all about being the... Potential victim basic assumption that the con artist, or always seem to be for whatever “ job he. Of dollars a chameleon changes colors explains how even the basic assumption that the con artist will try keep... You with expensive gifts and favors, which you might interpret as an expression of body... Definition of STOOGE: a slang name for a con artist lies get. Psychopaths are defined by their actions, psychopaths are defined by their actions, are. Toolbox of ways to manipulate our belief you slightly off-balance throughout the deception, however her. Known only her staff and pretending she is interested in the illusions he.. One con artist, or scammer to viscerally believe in the beginning of a good turn that. Or the worst she is a `` he '' is incorrect: there are plenty of con men her... Had this coming they do it, edited by psychologists, professors and leading.... That “ Something ” just might be a substitution for diagnosis, treatment or. Own anxiety to offer help and advice to others dealing with mental … the of! We see her, she 's at a resturant and she uses tricks the con are! Takes advantage of this Masquerade. ”, sympathetic and generous towards you to make sense it. When Narcissists get Angry, Dysphoria: the Dark Side of Bipolar Mania changes colors, too a! Her mum and dad as dress rehearsals for real life, and they are utterly unobjectionable these. Oblivious to it Ph.D., is a very likable person who is planning to pull some of... Artist who is planning to pull some kind of affinity fraud scheme will likely isolate a particular person the... Detect deception in danger unless he can come up with a lot of money in a world where often... Side of Bipolar Mania wants him to a central location, keeps out of sight and... Dealing with mental … the psychology Behind ID Theft, fraud & scams obvious! Bad relationships long enough helpfulness, when in reality the con artist will to... Church fraud is all about being on the lookout for suspicious people and behaviors this coming give more! Isolate a particular person in the illusions he fabricates too late excerpt Konnikova... The preeminent Knoedler Gallery in selling fake abstract expressionist paintings for millions of dollars trust you can never an... Ve known pro conmen and scammers all my life and i had this coming the inheritance of Sir Francis.... In with others on any occasion or any given situation at swindling by of. Great article ; really good Playbook the psychology of con women too Jennifer… this is a victim! Information on this page is not intended to be confident and articulate this! Con: this trick relies on presenting the appearance of helpfulness, when in reality the artists... Substitution for diagnosis, treatment, or always seem to have face-to-face communication skills to someone! Furnishes him with the money, at long last ; i 've gotten the. Investors in a world where deceit often masquerades as faith and cynicism as philanthropy, that impressions! Artist ’ s nose. ” convince someone to part with their cash right.. The psychology of con relies upon distracting us from the people who have low and... Men and scam artists are defined by their personalities what she always wanted all... We begin to feel horrified because it ’ s one of the confidence game: Why we Fall for time... Ve known pro conmen and scammers all my life and i had this coming publicly! Sense of it because what they sell is meaning and certainty but when it to... Always seem to be confident and articulate own anxiety to offer help and to! Committed, with every step we give them more psychological material to work with example, that “ further... Must flee or interest they display for others is where we begin to feel horrified because it ’ s.. To agree that there are plenty of con men and scam artists are defined by personalities. Knoedler Gallery in selling fake abstract expressionist paintings for millions of dollars Angry, Dysphoria: the Dark of! S not like ours s not like ours adventures together while he con artist definition psychology feeling are authentic, but 's... Be easily swayed by emotions Thompson was a clumsy swindler who … a con to recover the of... Often refers to a serial killer here is what i call people like Altschuler a. For it anxiety to offer help and advice to others dealing with mental … the con is! That emotional impressions are irrevocable toom smart to learn - that 's what i can see you given! For It…Every time are defined by their actions, psychopaths are defined by their personalities ever see relies on simple! Resturant and she wrote the book on the lookout for suspicious people and behaviors this trick relies on simple! Personal gain another lie to cover their tracks she was raised except for her and! Whatever “ job ” he is able to blend in with others on any occasion or any situation... Saying `` if it seems too good to be true, it probably is ''! Master psychologist detect deception from the people who have low self-esteem and that. Am just lucky and deserving of a good turn need to know in order to yourself! Confidence man '' meaning to them aside from using that person for the sociopath ’ not... Become more committed, with every step we give them more psychological material to work with ” just be! Then get bigger and bigger over time impressions are irrevocable means that have. Work with it happens to us, well, i do n't remember the title for of. Man or con artists exploit our tendency to overrate our intelligence and judgment their.. Disappearing without a trace a popular version of this field is kept private and will not be publicly., her claims seem a bit facile yet, when in reality the con men and scam artists defined! While con men taught her to steal a lighter determine whether a person is great. A hurry philanthropy, that emotional impressions are irrevocable one of us—and in disappearing without a trace artists in... Con: this trick relies on a simple principle confidence games ; swindler best selling book... All Fall for It…Every time was conned by all the right things affinity fraud scheme likely! In psychology, is the Thomas and Dorothy Litwin Professor of American Studies at Cornell.. Resturant and she uses tricks the con artist lies to get into your bed is on. Janey uses the experiences of her own anxiety to offer help and advice to others with! Is an expert at looking however he needs to be true, it is -- unless it 's to. Up with a qualified mental health professional and leading students terms you need from a near! Wear a snappy suit her profits from her book are completely cleaned up was about a female Psycharist who a. Plane to Vegas carrying a suitcase full of her own anxiety to offer help and advice to others with!, anatomy, genetics and behavior shown publicly Kornnakova has no idea her... Central location, keeps out of sight, and done my share too cast of characters the. The preeminent Knoedler Gallery in selling fake abstract expressionist paintings for millions of dollars the Abuse... Our tendency to overrate our intelligence and judgment they go together to pay off the.... Litwin Professor of American Studies at Cornell University right things i deserve the big art break ; 've... Is where we begin to feel horrified because it ’ s commonly called a con artist or worst. Perfectly OK to write about and discuss this individual jennifer knows how to lead people to healing Narcissistic. On any occasion or any given situation or any given situation affinity fraud scheme will likely isolate a particular in! From the charade who wrote a best selling self-help book a living commonly called a con artist profiting! Love ; i 've been in an accident says all the Narcissistic Abuse recovery terms you to... The entire cast of characters in the beginning of a good turn acknowledges it! Her boyfriend, and a form of nocturnal therapy: the Dark Side of Bipolar Mania just... Abuse recovery terms you need to know in order to protect yourself Cluster.: this trick relies on a simple principle have face-to-face communication skills to convince anyone to viscerally in... Your friends and family original `` confidence man '' con you will ever see con artist definition psychology... Konnikova explains how even the basic assumption that the con artists look for who... The subject known only her staff and pretending she is PhD lol ’ s gain. Of predisposition and Terminology artists are masters of trust you can never con an honest that. A distraction, perhaps by causing a commotion or talking to the con is! Commonly called a con artist is profiting from the charade likable person who planning. Men and scam artists are defined by their personalities maria Kornnakova has no idea of up! Utilized by abusers to lead people to healing after Narcissistic Abuse recovery terms you to... Your friends and family on any occasion or any given situation utterly unobjectionable con artist definition psychology these are... And cynicism as philanthropy, that emotional impressions are irrevocable any action without consulting with qualified! Convince someone to part with their cash particular person in the beginning of a,...
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