Goodman also supports this discussing “It has been noted that certain infrasonic frequencies plug straight into the algorithms of the brain and nervous system. Sound. Oil Bird. Increasing beta brainwaves will not increase the likelihood of you becoming crazy, but they could make you feel more paranoid than usual.”. (c) Infrasonic wave : A longitudinal elastic wave whose frequency is below the audible … Within Table 1 we can see a notable number of applications that infrasound could possibly or has been applied for: Infrasound has resulted in a large amount of interest within the creation of NLW. The company goes on to state that field trials suggest that teenagers where acutely aware for the ultrasonic tone and would usually wish to move away after around ten minutes (Compound Security, 2015). This is the resonant frequency of flesh and, theoretically, it can rupture internal organs if loud enough. Additionally to this, Mahindra states that the resonant frequency of the eyeball has a direct effect on emotional states of anxiety & stress (Prashanth & Venugopalachar, 2010). this amplitude decreases as the damping increases. Within the description of this device, it also states “if at any time head or neck feels swollen or you feel light headed or sick to your stomach, it is an indication that you are being affected. Noise & health. Contrary to that described previously, the use of binaural beats has been actively discussed as a means of stress relief for participants, with research such as that collated by (Huang & Charyton, 2008) citing “People suffering from cognitive functioning deficits, stress, pain, headache/migraines, PMS, and behavioural problems benefited from BWE. This perhaps was a result of that described in Philip Gerard’s book Secret Soldiers: How a Troupe of American Artists, Designers and Sonic Wizards Won World War II’s Battles of Deception Against the Germans: “…screaming whine caused by a siren deliberately designed into the aircraft…it instilled a paralysing panic in those on the ground…For Division 17 of the National Research Defence Committee, the lesson was clear: sound could terrify soldiers…So they decided to take the concept to the next level and develop a sonic ‘bomb’…The idea of a sonic ‘bomb’ never quite panned out, so the engineers shifted their work toward battlefield deception.” (Gerard, 2002). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, Crab, S. (2008). Application of ultrasound in medicine. However, more controlled trials are needed to test additional protocols with outcomes.” It is in review of physiological effects of brainwave entrainment we see in many pieces of research and literature such as that by, (Wahbeh, Calabrese, & Zwickey, 2007) & (Huang & Charyton, 2008), that confirm increased Serotonin levels within the body due to brainwave entrainment. Results found that 22% of the participants experienced a feeling of anxiety and fear (Stathatos, no date). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Goodman states “…resonating with alpha and theta rhythms in the brain known to produce moods of fear, anxiety or anger” (Goodman, 2009, p. 18). As a result, the effect of infrasound on IHC’s within the ear, could be suggested as inefficient thus resulting in infrasound’s effect on the ear, physically, being normal (Salt & Hullar, 2010). Aesthetics and psychobiology. The effect of this allows the brain to detect the phase difference between the two frequencies, rather than the brain responding to each frequency, the effect comprises of the difference between the two. Infrasound. So has ultrasound been used against them? Retrieved from https://archive.org/stream/DTIC_ADA030476/ DTIC_ADA030476_djvu.txt, BBC. It’s called infrasound, and its effect on human beings is not completely understood. Understanding Your Brainwaves. The ultrasonic receiver is a device that can detect sound waves that are normally beyond the range of human hearing, and then translate this signal to audible frequencies. (1999). HTRZ stands for number of vibrations per second. — Casey … Here are 4 theories.," 8 June 2018 An infrasonic or ultrasonic weapon can cause hearing loss and physical pain by emitting a sound not audible to a human ear within the vicinity of the victim. How non-lethal weapons could change warfare. (Walonick, 1990) reports in a experiment that below 8Hz had caused agitation and uneasiness for participants. sound with a frequency of less than 16 Hz is inaudible. The effects of ultrasound increase with amplitude (loudness), but heating is mainly a problem with contact ultrasound (when an ultrasonic emitter touches you), rather than waves transmitted through the air. Psychological change, can infect be seen within the second Indochina war, similar to operations such as the Urban Funk Campaign discussed in section 3.1. You see, the Vietnamese people worship their ancestors and they take a lot of notice of the spirits and stuff like that. Ultrasonic (high frequency) bursts have been used as a teenager repellant, and ultrasound is known to cause headaches and nausea. When discussing infrasound, it’s often associated with acts of. . There are two ways ultrasound can harm humans. In order to full understand how the military application of sound can impact subjects psychologically, we must first understand how sound effects us mentally. Ultrasonic Phaser Pain Field Generator. (n.d.). But Barry Manilow also drives teenagers from shopping malls. Music, cognition, and computerized sound: an introduction to psychoacoustics (1st ed.). (2015). These ghosts, these ancestors, are going to tell the Vietcong to stop messing with the people’s right to live freely, or the people are going to disown them.” The helicopter dropped to within twenty feet of the trees. Not quite the injuries reported by the diplomats. The main lobe of the sound intensity pattern had a 65 degree angle of opening, and at 60 meters’ distance on the axis a pressure of 1000 microbars had been measured. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564184/, Caterina Filimon, R. (n.d.). Any sound gets less powerful the further you are from a loudspeaker, but ultrasound loses power far more quickly with distance than audible sounds do. Vinokur, drew from Gavreau’s invention stating within his publication The Case of the Mythical Beast. Audible and inaudible sounds are two of categorization of sound according to their frequencies and capabilities of humans to hear or detect them. Following this, Gavreau developed a device that emitted infrasonic sine wave frequencies around 7hertz, with military application, (Vassilatos, no date) said to induce painful symptoms effecting his laboratory staff with immediate effect, other results are reported of the likes of the feeling of fear and flight. Sound deserves its own pollution category. Acoustics and Psychoacoustics (4th ed). Retrieved from http:// mentalhealthdaily.com/2014/04/10/beta-brain-waves-12-hz-to-40-hz/, Mercola. It can be transitory (the bubble forms and disappears with each frequency cycle) or sustained. The eruption of the Fuego volcano in Guatamala produced infrasonic sound in excess of 120 decibels in the range below 10Hz. Frequencies are less than 20 Hz. The U.S militaries 23rd Special Troops, often referred to as the ‘Ghost Army’ were a troop of sound and radio engineers assigned to fabricate the sounds of marching troops, tanks, landing crafts allowing for sonic deception of their enemies (Goodman, 2009, p. 41). It is generated by very small sources. New York: Meredith, Braithwaite, D. (2006). Hypersonic Sound and other inventions (Lecture). Pain is 120. Mechanical resonant frequency of the human eye ‘in vivo’”. Retrieved from http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18780583, Ihde, D. (2015). A., Lee, S. C., & Salt, A. N. (2007). Journal of Sound and Vibration. Sonic Warfare: Sound, Affect, and the Ecology of Fear. * * Pick up Visual Concepts: Chapter 15, Section 1, # 70526, Comparing Infrasonic and Ultrasonic Sound * * * * * * * Teaching Transparency * * * * Properties of Sound, continued The speed of sound depends on the medium. Seven hertz is also the average frequency of the brain’s alpha rhythms; thus this frequency has been described as dangerous but also relaxing. WARNING ALERT! Reed Business Information Norris, W. (2004). A. (1996). An ultrasonic loudspeaker designed to operate on a subject who is two metres away would be thousands of times more powerful at two centimetres. Retrieved from http://www.zemos98.org/controlsonoro/ 2008/03/08/sonic-doom-by-jack-sargeant/, Scott, R. L. & Monitor, T. C. S. (2010) War without death? Ultrasonic and Infrasonic Waves Ultrasonic sound waves are fast moving waves that can not usally be herd by the human ear. As a result, this study will collect primary research within this area to allow for a greater insight into the application of these techniques. But the nature of ultrasound suggests that these cases are probably the result of surveillance rather than a deliberate “sonic attack”. (2004). This technique has been applied to many non-warfare scenarios, which allows us to understand the importance of it’s application. In air, sound waves spread out in all directions away from the source. Given that it is hard for powerful ultrasound to reach us – and that most of it then bounces right off our skin – it seems to be a strange choice of weapon. & Meyer, D. J. (2003) Sesame Street breaks Iraqi POWs. A comprehensive review of the psychological effects of brainwave entrainment. The possible influence of noise frequency components on the health of exposed industrial workers. Although not deliberate, this could lead to cavitation damage. (Eds.) This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession. In addition to this, we also see discussed by (Sargeant, 2001): “The frequency that is thought to be most dangerous to humans is between 7 and 8Hz. (2014). This method of entrainment occurs when two coherent frequencies within our audible range, are made present in both the left and right ear. Ian McLoughlin received funding from Google in 2016 to research super-audible speech (using ultrasonic reflections to detect lip motion). (Davies & Honours, no date) cites that “Many of the most profound effects of sound are attributed to infrasound in the region of 7Hz. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://borderlandsciences.org/journal/vol/52/n04/ Vassilatos_on_Vladimir_Gavreau.html, Vinokur, R. (1993). An international team of voice researchers and cognitive biologists provides new insights into the production of elephant communication. Now you’ve got to understand the Vietnamese way of life to realise the power behind Wandering Soul. (n.d.). The spectrum beyond human audible range defines itself as ultrasound, this being above 20,000Hz. (Caterina Filimon, n.d). As a result, this could lead to a plausible suggestion that military application of non-lethal audio weapons have not been made publicly available. I would imagine that if your brainwaves get high enough in the beta range, you will begin to notice a fear of things that are not normal to freak out over. Infrasound has been utilised as a means of sonic warfare for physical human impact, dating back to World War 1. The second is that ultrasound can cause “cavitation”. Sound waves with frequencies less than 20Hz are called infrasonic or subsonic and those with frequencies above 20kHz are called ultrasonic.. Infrasonic waves The term ‘infrasound’ defines itself as the inaudible frequency range below the human bandwidth of around 20Hz. Israel is considering using an unusual new weapon against Jewish settlers who resist this summer’s Gaza Strip evacuation, a device that emits penetrating bursts of sound that send targets reeling with dizziness and nausea.” (Teibel, 2005). Thus, this system is targeted as a youth deterrent. RE: Do earthquakes produce infrasonic and/or ultrasonic sound before main shocks? Based on the frequency range of ultrasonic waves, it can be used in many industrial applications including the processing of food. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 119,700 academics and researchers from 3,848 institutions. Retrieved from http://www.zemos98.org/controlsonoro/wp-content/uploads/pdf/acoustic_noise_Roman_Vinour.pdf, Mackinlay, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/woody_norris_invents_amazing_things?language=en, Pellegrino, R. & Productions, E. A. A large influence on the development and notable usages of infrasonic frequencies as a means of deterrence, was the development of a low-frequency acoustic device by French scientist Vladimir Gavreau (Lothes, 2004). Founded by Grammy-nominated mastering engineer Pete Lyman, Infrasonic’s team of engineers include Dave Gardner, Daniel Bacigalupi, and Piper Payne. (2007). We sell those to the military presently for about 70,000 dollars, and they’re buying them as fast as we can make them.” (Norris, 2004). Sometimes you may experience a continuous ringing in the ears even after the device is turned off” (Free Information Society, no date). Sound produced by earthquakes, thunder, volcanoes are in Infrasonic range. One can draw a conclusion from the description of both the M.A.D and the ‘Phasor Pain Field Generator’ that the intended outcome if the the target to feel discomfort. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Walonick, D. S. (1990). Ex-amples of the former are thunder, volca-nic activity, winds, large waterfalls and the impact of ocean waves, whereas examples of the latter are high-powered aircraft and rocket propulsion systems, explosions, sonic booms, bridge vibra- Despite this, it is the alleged properties that infrasound, when applied correctly to humans, that have allowed for the field to be of interest within military application. Infrasonic weapons like the long range acoustic device (LRAD) rely on loud, low frequency sounds (infrasound). Sitting in the wrong position for too long could then cause hearing damage without the subjects noticing. Could surveillance of diplomats be the cause of these brain injuries. There are however, in contrary to this, studies also suggest the mechanisms of the ear have a normal reaction to infrasonic sound. A brief history of sonic warfare. Many musicians and directors have found ways of utilising neural entrainment to initiate fear into the listeners. Frequencies are more than 20000 Hz. The effect of sound on humans is complex. It is unlikely to be the result of a deliberate “sonic attack”. Articles posted in The Times & New Scientist in 1973 document the use of a device called a ‘Squawk Box’ (New Scientist, 1973), used by the British Military in Northern Ireland. Ultrasonic Sound. After analysing previously explored research within this field, a large amount of research refers to the United State’s military and their Psychological Operations Units (PsyOps) (United States Military, 1996). As preciously mentioned, the central mechanism of the ear is the cochlear; within the cochlear there are two sensory cells, the inner hair cells (IHC) and the outer hair cells (OHC) (Cook, 1999). Thus, this may result in military bodies taking a critical view before the acceptance of research to be made. Effect of infrasound on cochlear damage from exposure to a 4 kHz octave band of noise. As technologies have developed, it’s apparent that military bodies within the world seek to create weapons resulting in “war’s without death” (Scott & Monitor, 2010). (1961). We may never know for certain what is the cause of these incidents. Quartz crystal. No physiological experiments were conducted, but it was estimated that at such a pressure it would take from 30 to 40 seconds to kill a man. Journal of Borderland Research. It is this property that is held within all matter, that we can apply sound as a means of resonance within the human body. LRADs have been used by the US Navy to repel pirates. Upon initiation, the first shock wave was reflected back from the openend of the chamber and initiated the second explosion. & Honours, B. War and anti-war: Making sense of today’s global, chaos. It has the frequency equal to the audible frequency range. ( high frequency ) bursts have been used as a result of surveillance rather than a deliberate sonic! 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