Indeed, many South Vietnamese perceived the strategic hamlets as government oppression, not protection, because people were forced to leave their ancestral homes for the new settlements. THE PILOT AT WORK . Military police, reinforced by Army troops, throw back anti-war demonstrators as they tried to storm a mall entrance doorway at the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., on October 21, 1967. The president wanted to concentrate on his ambitious domestic program, the Great Society, but his political instincts told him that his leadership would be damaged fatally if America’s client state in South Vietnam succumbed. A trooper of the U.S. 1st cavalry division aims a flamethrower at the mouth of cave in An Lao Valley in South Vietnam, on April 14, 1967, after the Viet Cong group hiding in it were warned to emerge. A slideshow of my tour of duty in Vietnam with 1st Sig Bg at Lang Bian Mountain, Cam Ranh Bay. Paratroopers, background, of the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade escorted the South Vietnamese civilians through a series of firefights during the U.S. assault on a Viet Cong stronghold. "Everybody I … The Cathedral of Light of the Nazi rallies, 1937, A Mongolian woman reaches out from the porthole of a crate in which she is imprisoned, 1913, Pablo Escobar poses for a family photo outside of the White House, 1981, Veterans of four different wars from the same town of Geary, Oklahoma, 1940s, Rare color pictures from Russian Empire, 1905-1915, Adolf Hitler's eye color in a rare color photo, The 100 most influential historical pictures of all time. From February through April, Operation Junction City was an even larger attack on nearby War Zone C. There was major fighting in the Central Highlands, climaxing in the battle of Dak To in November 1967. Flying low over the jungle, an A-1 Skyraider drops 500-pound bombs on a Viet Cong position below as smoke rises from a previous pass at the target, on December 26, 1964. Vietnam War: The Early Years, 1965-1967. The Buildup of 1967 Riverine Operations Dak To The 54th and the Kelly Tradition Dust Off Wins Its First Medal of Honor Dust Off in the Saddle . A grim-faced U.S. Marine fires his M60 machine gun, concealed behind logs and resting in a shallow hole, during the battle against North Vietnamese regulars for Hill 484, just south of the demilitarized zone, on October 10, 1966. The battle convinced the U.S. commander that “search and destroy” tactics using air mobility would work in accomplishing the attrition strategy. He has admitted to killing Vietnamese civilians. Payne and others of the 196th light infantry brigade probed the massive tunnel in Hobo Woods, South Vietnam, on January 21, 1967, and found detailed maps and plans of the enemy. A Vietnamese battalion commander, Captain Thach Quyen, left, interrogates a captured Viet Cong suspect on Tan Dinh Island, Mekong Delta, in 1965. Bodies of the slain soldiers were carried to this clearing with their gear to await evacuation by helicopter. Soldiers Brave Cold-Weather Training at Fort McCoy, National Guardsman Defending Capitol Doubles as Music Teacher, U.S. Army Rolls Out the Latest Recruitment Campaign for Gen Z, Pentagon Authorizes National Guard Members in D.C. to Carry Weapons, Navy Destroyer Fires Its Mk 38 Machine Gun. The rally followed picketing of the White House by students demanding an end to Vietnam fighting. There are many security checkpoints around the Capitol, and as you can see behind me, they are armed. On 2 January 1963, however, at Ap Bac on the Plain of Reeds southwest of Saigon, a Vietcong battalion of about 320 men inflicted heavy damage on an ARVN force of 3,000 equipped with troop‐carrying helicopters, new UH‐1 (“Huey”) helicopter gunships, tactical bombers, and APCs. Pedestrians cross the destroyed Hue Bridge in Hue, Vietnam, in an undated photo. The Australians did not believe her because she seemed to lack any medical knowledge. Because of the one-year tour that left little time for on the-job training, combat in Vietnam required the officer to arrive as a proficient field artilleryman and not a hybrid field and air defense artilleryman. Ambassador Maxwell D. Taylor and Vietnamese officials attending. A steady stream of airplanes, helicopters, armored personnel carriers (APCs), and other equipment poured into the South. Several third countries, such as Poland and Great Britain, offered proposals intended to facilitate negotiations. By early 1955, Diem had consolidated his power and control over South Vietnam. By the end of the year, there were 184,300 U.S. personnel in the South. T he Army Engineers in Vietnam are conducting their usual wide range of combat, engineering, construction, and mapping tasks in support of combat operations of the United States Army, Vietnam (USARV). The 9th Viet Cong Division launched an attack on the South Vietnamese outpost at Loc Ninh on Oct. 29. Left: A Vietnamese child clings to his bound father who was rounded up as a suspected Viet Cong guerrilla during “Operation Eagle Claw” in the Bong Son area, 280 miles northeast of Saigon on February 17, 1966. Late in 1967, with 485,600 U.S. troops in Vietnam, Westmoreland announced that, although much fighting remained, a cross‐over point had arrived in the war of attrition; that is, the losses to the NVA and Vietcong were greater than they could replace. Gaynor, now 70, spent more than a year in Vietnam between 1967 and 1968, taking photographs as he went. In Berkeley-Oakland City, California, demonstrators march against the war in Vietnam in December of 1965. While MACV was getting men and munitions in place for large‐unit search and destroy operations, army and marine units conducted smaller operations. The JCS wanted a mobilization of the reserves and National Guard, and McNamara proposed levying war taxes. Recognizing the interdependence of political, economic, sociological, and military factors, the Joint Chiefs of Staff declared that American military objectives should be to cause North Vietnam to cease its control and support of the insurgency in South Vietnam and Laos, to assist South Vietnam in defeating Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces in Sout… In May 1961, Kennedy sent 400 U.S. Army Special Forces (Green Beret) troops into South Vietnam’s Central Highlands to train Montagnard tribesmen in counterinsurgency tactics. Lieutenant Commander Donald D. Sheppard, of Coronado, California, aims a flaming arrow at a bamboo hut concealing a fortified Viet Cong bunker on the banks of the Bassac River, Vietnam, on December 8, 1967. Smoke rises from wreckage in background. Corruption, factionalism, and continued Buddhist protests plagued the Thieu‐Ky government. Instability mounted in South Vietnam as rival military and civilian factions vied for power and as Vietcong strength grew. Although doubts existed about these reports, the president ordered retaliatory air strikes against the North Vietnamese port of Vinh. To stave off defeat, the JCS endorsed Westmoreland’s request for 150,000 U.S. troops to take the ground offensive in the South. A slideshow of my tour of duty in Vietnam with 1st Sig Bg at Lang Bian Mountain, Cam Ranh Bay. With his ambitious social reform program facing crucial votes in Congress, the president wanted to avoid giving congressional conservatives an opportunity to use mobilization to block his domestic agenda. The helicopter crashed and exploded on a hill, killing one crewman and 12 Marines. Consequently, he relied on other means. The woman was crouched over a World War II radio set. U.S. troops of the 7th and 9th divisions wade through marshland during a joint operation on South Vietnam’s Mekong Delta, in April of 1967. Three weeks later, President Kennedy was assassinated, and U.S. policy in Vietnam was again at a crossroads. Westmoreland responded with the 1st Air Cavalry Division (Air Mobile). Units of the division were battling to hold their lines against what was estimated to be a regiment of North Vietnamese soldiers. On 7 August 1964, Johnson secured almost unanimous consent from Congress (414–0 in the House; 88–2 in the Senate) for his Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which became the principal legislative basis for all subsequent military deployment in Southeast Asia. A Vietnamese litter bearer wears a face mask to keep out the smell as he passes the bodies of U.S. and Vietnamese soldiers killed in fighting against the Viet Cong at the Michelin rubber plantation, about 45 miles northeast of Saigon, on November 27, 1965. The following is a list of US Army Military Occupational Specialities Codes from 1966. Second and most importantly, if the communists won in Vietnam, communism could spread throughout Southeast Asia and become a greater threat to the U.S. Read more about this picture. A father holds the body of his child as South Vietnamese Army Rangers look down from their armored vehicle on March 19, 1964. Through much of November, in the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley, U.S. and North Vietnamese forces engaged each other in heavy combat for the first time. William Doyle, center, in soft-brimmed hat, received a medal at Phan Rang in November, 1967. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) did not interfere as a group of ARVN officers plotted a coup. Right: Army nurse 2nd Lieutenant Roberta “Bertie” Steele in South Vietnam, on February 9, 1966. A South Vietnamese Marine, severely wounded in a Viet Cong ambush, is comforted by a comrade in a sugar-cane field at Duc Hoa, about 12 miles from Saigon, on August 5, 1963. General William Westmoreland talks with troops of first battalion, 16th regiment of 2nd brigade of U.S. First Division at their positions near Bien Hoa in Vietnam, in 1965. IV. On 28 July, Johnson announced that 50,000 U.S. troops would go to South Vietnam immediately. Monthly draft calls increased from 17,000 to 35,000 to meet manpower needs, and deficit spending, with its inherent inflationary impact, funded the escalation. He also launched many political repression and anti-communist campaigns across the country, in which 25,000 anti-government activists and communists were arrested and more than 1,000 killed as claimed by the communists. The Montagnards, dark-skinned tribesmen numbering about 700,000, live in the highlands of central Vietnam. Westmoreland immediately asked for more men, and by the end of 1964 U.S. personnel in the South exceeded 23,000. By the spring of 1964, the Vietcong controlled vast areas of South Vietnam, the strategic hamlet program had essentially ceased, and North Vietnam’s aid to the southern insurgents had grown. A diplomatic resolution of the conflict remained elusive. As the H-21 helicopters hovered six feet from the ground to avoid spikes and wires and under sniper fire, the troops jumped out to attack. This assessment was debatable, and there was considerable evidence that the so‐called “other war” for political support in South Vietnam was not going well. While Vietcong guerrillas scored military successes, leaders of Vietnam’s Buddhist majority protested against what they saw as the Diem regime’s religious persecution. Under the terms of Geneva Accords, France agreed to withdraw its troops from Indochina while Vietnam was temporarily divided into North and South Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh and Bao Dai respectively, at the 17th parallel. A week-long US-Australian naval operation, to halt and intercept sea movement between North and South Vietnam. The battery was involved in 17 major operations before their withdrawal in May 1971. Following through on that commitment, American aid to South Vietnam began as early as in January, 1955. Civilians were able to move freely between two states for a 300-day period. In Operation RANCH HAND, the USAF sprayed the defoliant Agent Orange to deprive the guerrillas of cover and food supplies. operations against the Viet Cong. From the beginning of the bombing, American strategists debated the effectiveness of air power in defeating a political insurgency in a predominantly agricultural country. The four specially equipped planes covered a 1,000-foot-wide swath in each pass over the dense vegetation. In August 1966, led by the 2nd Brigade, the 4th Infantry Division’s (“Ivy Division”—a play on the Roman numeral IV) headquarters closed in on the central highlands of Vietnam. Two nights later, under stormy conditions, the Maddox and another destroyer, the Turner Joy, reported a gunboat attack. Within a week, the administration began ROLLING THUNDER, a gradually intensifying air bombardment of military bases, supply depots, and infiltration routes in North Vietnam. Such actions would have placed the United States on a war footing. MACV declared vast areas to be “free‐fire zones,” which meant that U.S. and ARVN artillery and tactical aircraft, as well as B‐52 “carpet bombing,” could target anyone or anything in the area. Injured Vietnamese receive aid as they lie on the street after a bomb explosion outside the U.S. embassy in Saigon, Vietnam, on March 30, 1965. With U.S. aid, the ARVN also expanded to eleven divisions, supplemented by local and irregular units. In 1967 annual bombing tonnage reached almost a quarter million. Three crewmen escaped with serious burns. About seven male Viet Cong took off when the Australians appeared—but the woman remained and appeared to be trying to conceal the radio set. A nurse attempts to comfort a wounded U.S. Army soldier in a ward of the 8th army hospital at Nha Trang in South Vietnam on February 7, 1965. A study of the development of the U.S. military command and control structure in Vietnam, focusing primarily on the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, and the U.S. Army, Vietnam History of Operations Research in the United States Army, Volume 2: 1961-1973 2008; 374 pages, illustrations, charts, figures, appendixes, glossary, bibliography, index He also tripled the level of aid to South Vietnam. The Rome Plow meanwhile had already fully demonstrated its suitability in major tactical operations. These formulas typically called upon the United States and DRV to coordinate mutual reduction of their military activities in South Vietnam, but both Washington and Hanoi firmly resisted even interim compromises with the other. U.S. and South Vietnamese leaders were cautiously optimistic that increased U.S. assistance finally was enabling the Saigon government to defend itself. On 14 July 1965, the Commandant of the Marine Corps issued Marine Corps Order 5750.2 (MCO 5750.2), which As Senate majority leader in the 1950s and as vice‐president, he had supported Eisenhower’s and Kennedy’s decisions to aid South Vietnam. The “Eagle Flight” choppers were loaded with Vietnamese airborne troops who were dropped in to support ground forces at the first sign of enemy contact. They were brought in by government troops from a village where they were used as labor force by communist Viet Cong forces. With the persuasion of a Viet Cong-made spear pressed against his throat, a captured Viet Cong guerrilla decided to talk to interrogators, telling them of a cache of Chinese grenades on March 28, 1965. It doesn't exist officially. Soon after the PAVN departed the battlefield, however, so too did the American air “cavalry.” Clearly, control of territory was not the U.S. military objective. Bombing could boost Saigon’s morale and might persuade the North to cease its support of the insurgency. A man brews tea while a U.S. Marine examines a pinup in Vietnam in September of 1967. At least two Americans and several Vietnamese were killed in the bombing. A napalm strike erupts in a fireball near U.S. troops on patrol in South Vietnam in 1966. 1st Brigade 2nd Brigade 3rd Brigade Infantry 1st Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment 2nd Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment (Mechanized) 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment (Mechanized) 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment 2nd Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment 1st Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment 2nd Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment Artillery 1st Battalion, 5th Artillery Regiment (105mm) 8th Battalion, 6th Artillery Regiment (15… 2401 ADP Officer, PCM 6101 Accounting Officer 73D Accounting Specialist 225B ADA Command and Control Maintenance Technician 2110 Adjutant or Adjutant General 2120 Administrative Officer 71L Administrative Specialist In a letter to Ngo Dinh Diem – the new Prime Minister of the Bao Dai government on October 23, 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower promised American support to his government to ensure a non-communist Vietnam. The infantrymen who explored the complex are known as “Tunnel Rats.” They were called out of the tunnels on January 21, and nauseating gas was pumped in. Command Chronologies Reports Index This series of records was created between April 1962 and June 1987, it contains documents that describe events that occurred as early as April 1952. Flag-draped coffins of eight American Servicemen killed in attacks on U.S. military installations in South Vietnam, on February 7, are placed in transport plane at Saigon, February 9, 1965, for return flight to the United States. Lyndon B. Johnson inherited the Vietnam dilemma. In 1965-1967 the demand for field artillery officers with highly professional skills in the Vietnam War finally caused the Army and the Continental Army Command to reorganize the artillery. In the early spring of 1967 the treecrusher proved its ability to perform in a swampy jungle; however, it was not reliable enough in South Vietnam and was returned to the United States when the lease expired. On May 07, 1954, Viet Minh forces won the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and ended French involvement in Indochina. Thich Quang Duc, a Buddhist monk, burns himself to death on a Saigon street on June 11, 1963, to protest alleged persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese government. North Vietnam infiltrated troops and matériel into South Vietnam by sea and along the so‐called Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos. Counteroffensive, Phase II, 1 July 1966 - 31 May 1967. If the new government in Saigon failed to show progress against the insurgency, would the United States withdraw its support from a lost cause, or would it escalate the effort to preserve South Vietnam as an anticommunist outpost in Asia? 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