Founded in the mid-1940s, the Syndicate’s role has been to “build a musical society, ensure its development and conserve traditional art forms of importance to the Egyptian and Arab identity”.17Egyptian Musicians Syndicate, The Internal Rules of Procedure, see at p. 2, para. The Egyptian Musicians Syndicate banned Mahraganat artists from performing publicly because it considers their language offensive and vulgar and their songs unworthy of Egypt’s artistic productions. DJ Figo made the genre more well known with his team "set dyaba" released during the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Egyptian Institutions Ban Mahraganat Genre of Music and Threaten Legal Action Against Artists and Listeners. Ezzedine C. Fishere, “Egypt's music ban is part of a more disturbing cultural repression”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/02/28/egypts-music-ban-is-part-more-disturbing-cultural-repression/. The culture of protest associated with the Egyptian uprising has attracted a huge amount of media coverage -- much of it, unfortunately, partial and superficial. The style of music is considered to be "lower class" or vulgar by more traditional or conservative listeners, due to its use of explicit language and favoured topics, some of which include drugs and violence. With the Syndicate stating in its rules and regulations that “no person is to work in the musical arts unless they are a working member of the Syndicate”,19Ayman Helmy, “Singing a crime: On the judicial police powers of the Musicians Syndicate”, Mada Masr, 11 February 2016, available at: https://madamasr.com/en/2016/02/11/feature/culture/singing-a-crime-on-the-judicial-police-powers-of-the-musicians-syndicate/ jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11938_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11938_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Mahraganat artists are left with no options: unable to join the Syndicate because it does not value their art form, they are thus unable to perform. The regime media and the Ministry of Culture could not control its popularity.9Ted Swedenburg, "Egypt's Music of Protest: From Sayyid Darwish to DJ Haha", Middle East Report, Vol.265, p. 39-43, 2012 jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11938_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11938_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Indeed, Mahraganat music is mainly disseminated online, through streaming platforms, such as YouTube and SoundCloud, from which artists also perceive an important part of their revenues. However, while Mahraganat musicians did not initially produce music in studios, Mahmoud Refaat, who is behind the music label 100COPIES Music, represented some artists in the early days of the genre. Their songs, blaring … The head of the Musicians Syndicate, singer Hany Shaker, said on Sunday that mahraganat singers would no longer be allowed to work in Egypt, and would be denied licences to perform anywhere in the country. As discussed in Andrew Simon, “Censuring sounds: Tapes, Taste and the Creation of Egyptian Culture”, Andrew Simon, “Censuring sounds: Tapes, Taste and the Creation of Egyptian Culture”, p.233–256, 2019, Andrew Simon, “Censuring sounds: Tapes, Taste and the Creation of Egyptian Culture”, see at p. 236, para. 2 jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_11938_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_11938_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], }); Indeed, along with the democratization of musical recording and President Anwar Sadat’s infitah (economic liberalization policy), working-class Egyptians were able to produce audio-cassettes only to face the critics’ wrath, who claimed the music was unworthy of broadcast and that it only brought forth untalented artists. 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